Lonese) Jenkins and the late Cal and Clink Durant, nieces and nephews, are invited to attend his . Search for jobs related to Thomas durant cause of death or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 20m+ jobs. At the railway office Lily confronts The Swede who is reading Durant's personal ledges. Gale In Context: Biography, 313, "Biography: Thomas Clark Durant (18201885)", "A Madman and a Visionary: George Francis Train, Speculation, and the Territorial Development of the Great Plains", U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Thomas C. Durant, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_C._Durant&oldid=1138020982. He sold his remaining stock in Union Pacific and started a new railroad company, Adirondack Railroad. Under, Collis Potter Huntington Dr Thomas Durant A new announcement declared the connection would be the Cedar Rapids & Missouri line. Together with engineer Henry Farnum, he orchestrated the construction of numerous major rail lines, including the Mississippi and Missouri railroad across Iowa. Ingham, John N. Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders. Citing Durants nightly discomfort, Hannah evicts Lily from her train car and takes it for herself. Feeling the effects of the opium as he walks to the office, Durant spies Lily and Hannah making (tense) plans for dinner and quickly hides to avoid them. Getty. In 1870 he sold Omaha, but it was Durant's direction that Originally from Massachusetts, Durant became an extremely successful promoter by making railroads in the mid-west. Thomas C. Durant was born in Lee, Mass., on Feb. 6, 1820, the son of well-to-do parents. } Durant panics, asking what she's done but she simply walks away while he has a bout of pain. During the war, Durant accumulated more wealth by being a smuggler of contraband cotton from the Confederate States. Durant was a capricious leader. He tells Bohannon that he doesn't know where the cattle are, but the plan was to get paid out of Omaha. Meanwhile, Delaney arrives from the other end on a train with a Gatling gun and rifles for the prisoners. Previously, investors were responsible for the finances of a company if it had problems. He was vice-president of the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) in 1869 when it met with the Central Pacific railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah Territory. Joseph sees that they are from the Sioux Nation and are sending Durant a message that he is now at war with them. Collis Huntington had a preternatural sense for buying and selling. The obituary was featured in Legacy on October 30, 2001. The Death Worksheet (PDF), allows the physical transfer of cause of death information from the location of the death/medical chart to an EDRS workstation. Conflicts with Dodge Durant shoots a bandit, and Hawkins shoots Durant in the gut. While the train to Chicago is being prepared, Durant hallucinates about his son. Vol. Later, Durant orders Bohannon to join the dinner as Lilys escort. It was expected to join the Central Pacific, which was moving eastward from California to create a transcontinental railroad. He is interred in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. Jay Thomas' cause of death was cancer which he had been battling for a while. Starts land speculation in the Adirondacks. The centerpiece of the M&M was a wooden railroad bridge, which, in 1856 when completed, was the first bridge to cross the Mississippi River. He was sacked from the Union Pacific by the US President Ulysses S. Grant. Later Thomas Durant reminds Elam Ferguson that his job was due once the bridge was completed. News After he retired from medicine, he became a director of his uncle's grain exporting company: Durant, Lathrop and Company in New York City. On May 25 Durant was dropped from the board of directors of the Union Pacific. Durant is also deterred by the still missing maps, as Mrs. Lily Bell has yet to be located. Durant tells him to arm every man in town and send for Bohannon. ." He was serving as vice president of the Union Pacific railroad (UP) in 1869 when it was connected with the Central Pacific railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory. As far as the Doctor was concerned, hewasthe Union Pacific. Genealogy for Thomas Durant (1730 - 1761) family tree on Geni, with over 240 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. On the train, Durant sees Abby, who is returning to Boston because she still grieves for her father, Senator Metcalf. Besides his vice presidency The centerpiece of the M&M was a wooden railroad bridge, which, when completed in 1856, was the first bridge across the Mississippi River. He achieved the construction of a wooden railroad bridge in 1856, the first to cross the, In 1870, Durant was elected a Fellow of the, John Marston portrayed Durant in the film. It was a blatant attempt to force acquiescence or resignation, and the engineer exploded at the man "who has not an honest drop of Blood in his veins, who is connected with the Co. for the sole purpose of bleeding it and who the Co. say they cannot discharge for fear he will Black Mail it." The sheriff shows up but can't believe Bohannon's claims that Durant orchestrated the rustling as he has been in town for days and the only witness is a dead man. Durant then anxiously searches the safe and discovers his ledger is gone. Her dramatic poem Dante (1910) was translated into Italian and is believed to be the first American play produced on the Italian stage. Thomas Ulsrud's Cause of Death Revealed. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. J.P. Morgan There was also suspicion that Durant had taken money from the company, yet it seems that his co-workers were too fearful of him to meet clandestinely to discuss this possibility. By that time he had made a fortune smuggling contraband cotton from the Confederate states with the aid of Grenville Dodge. Hannah agrees so long as there is no mess. An agreement then followed between the two groups for construction of some 667 miles of track; the agreement proved profitable to the Crdit Mobilier, but the Union Pacific was left with a shoddily built line and heavy overcapitalization. He insists she won't leave the railroad, even for money. News. Doctor Thomas C. Durant (Doc Durant), one of the men who forged the Transcontinental Railroad in the 1860s, is a colorful historical figure. He organized, and at first controlled, the Crdit Mobilier of America, but in 1867 he lost control of the company to brothers Oliver and Oakes Ames. Bohannon turns him down. Durant tells him if he leaves he will never take him back. He produces two documents: a warrant for Cullen's execution and a pardon. Alvah Dunning Encyclopedia.com. My Blog thomas durant cause of death Durant returns to town in "The Lord's Day". Durant says that sometimes one has to make a deal with the devil. it is now 3. weeks since a re-ascerbation of my painful complaint [a severe attack of diarrhea and difficulty urinating] has confined me to the house and indeed to my couch. ", Johnson, Allen and Dumas Malone, eds. He ended his career, however, in scandal and financial disaster, having greatly enriched himself at the public's expense. Durant punches Cullen for robbing his railroad and they both later wonder if they have made the right decision. 1. contractor, Thomas Durant's importance to He was the principal financier of, 1717 Main Street, Suite 5900 Percentage of all death causes Unintentional injuries Intentional self-harm (suicide) Assault (homicide) Cancer (malignant neoplasms) Heart disease Congenital . Former Denver Broncos receiver Demaryius Thomas has passed away suddenly on December 9, 2021. Birth of John Waldo Durant. Later at the new site of Hell on Wheels, Sean McGinnes the railroad's new bookkeeper, tells Bohannon that Durant has cancelled the livestock contracts and cornered the market. [4]:91 Durant's control at Crdit Mobilier was challenged after Oakes Ames took Durant to court and fired him from Crdit Mobilier in May 1867. on February 6, 1820. After he retired from this field, he became a director of his uncle's grain exporting company: Durant, Lathrop and Company in New York City. In exchange, he promises two hundred shares in the company. D. The former NFL star wide receiver died of complications related to a seizure disorder, according to an autopsy report from the Fulton County Medical Examiner's Office. Bohannon takes the opposite opinion, claiming the Sioux will always be a threat and that it's better to fight them now rather than later. Awards Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. After leaving medicine, Thomas C. Durant joined his uncle's grain exporting company, Durant, Lathrop and Company in New York City, as a director. After she leaves he greedily drinks from an opiate bottle, as he is now addicted to the pain medication. [5], At the same time, Durant manipulated the stock market, running up the value of his M&M stock by saying he was going to connect the Transcontinental Railroad to it. Dr. T.C. as a professor of medicine at Albany Medical CNN . Sagamore 88 jerseys were previously out of stock, and employees had to make each one . taylor farms lemon garlic vinaigrette recipe; hakchi nes classic game list. Public Company New York: Arno Press, 1981. called a "premature enterprise," in 1862, 1864, railroad strengthened Council Bluffs and Their daughter, Hlose Durant Rose (18531943), was a poet, dramatist, and critic. [3] Durant started in the railroad industry as a broker for the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad. loans and land. But he never practiced medicine, choosing instead to devote his career to business. The pandemic has also had an indirect effect on other causes of death in the United States. At the bridge, Durant asks Bohannon to help appease the board in exchange for partnership in the railroad and forgiveness of his debts. Many celebrities passed away recently because of various reasons. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/thomas-clark-durant. Zanesville, Muskingum County, Ohio 43701 . He began his career in the railroad industry as a broker for the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad. their respective owners. Durant can now eavesdrop on Cullen. In 1873, Durant asked his children to come back home, so they could help . Publication types Biography Historical Article MeSH terms Education, Medical, Graduate / history . He is awarded the job with Union Pacific stock as payment. Ozymandias Demaryius Thomas, Super Bowl champion and four-time Pro Bowler, has died at the age of 33, police tell TMZ Sports. The UP did not spread beyond 40 miles (64 km) from Council Bluffs in the initial two and a half years. He was vice-president of the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) in 1869 when it met with the Central Pacific railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah Territory. Durant was forced out of the Crdit Mobilier in 1867, but efforts to sever him from the railroad failed. For those 65 and older, the top causes of death are roughly the same as the top causes of death for the overall . (@nbafrends), NBA town(@nba_town) . For Union Pacific executive Thomas Durant, it was a money-making machine. He pries a bottle of Laudanum from a Amputees hands but is stopped by Eva, who gives him opium pills from her purse. From a hill, they watch a group of drunk and sleeping rustlers camped by the river. He set up and was initially in charge of the Crdit Mobilier of America, but brothers Oliver and Oakes Ames wrested control of the company away from him. required to be constantly recumbent I write slowly and with difficulty. Durant's "General Order No. At times, the manipulation bordered on mania: in 1869, when Dodge was in Washington lobbying fiercely to keep the Union Pacific afloat, Durant threatened to suspend him for his absence. Neither police nor the coroner's office immediately suggested 6-month-old Ky'air Thomas ' cause or manner of death. But, deeply involved in the worst financial scandal of his time and justifiably accused of bribery and fraud, Durant saw his fortune dwindle to virtually nothing following the financial Panic of 1873. He found success vending supplies to men chasing their fortunes in icy streams. the Laramie Range. thomas durant cause of deathcopper is an insulator true or false June 10, 2022 . 1967. His last years passed uneventfully in the Adirondacks. Mary Jane Thomas' cause of death has reportedly been confirmed. When someone dies, a doctor involved in their care has to complete a medical certificate of cause of death ( MCCD ), which is then forwarded to the register office to register the death. One of Durant's biggest coups was the creation of Crdit Mobilier of America. 1978;91:29-30. Methods: In a cohort of patients > 15 years of age with community acquired bacterial meningitis the medical records were reviewed, and a clinical cause of death categorized into six . He spent the last twelve years of his life fighting lawsuits from disgruntled partners and investors.[11]. Hlose attended private schools in Europe and the United States, and was fluent in Arabic, French, German, and Italian. He fires the lead surveyor and promotes a Young Engineer to the position. The most important medical information on the death certificate is to identify the underlying cause of death. The Crdit Mobilier company had been increasingly associated with corruption and secrecy and the government was fed up with not being paid back for loans and the swindling that went on at each company. Therefore he was able to persuade Congress to pass the Pacific Railway Act of 1862 with a promise that the railroad would receive 10 square miles of land for every mile of track it laid. Crdit Mobilier became a symbol of corruption in an era when illegal manipulation of large contracts was often the standard operating procedure. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. He studied medicine at Albany Medical College where, in 1840, earning him the nickname "Doc". He encourages her as she starts to feel down on herself as a mother and woman, listing everything she has done for him through all his troubles. Durant orders Bohannon to resolve the situation, giving him complete authority. Ames, Charles Edgar. Death of Thomas Durant. Anne Thackeray Ritchie 0.6 %. Durant was born February 6, 1820 in Lee, Massachusetts. No full-length study of Durant exists. The top global causes of death, in order of total number of lives lost, are associated with three broad topics: cardiovascular (ischaemic heart disease, stroke), respiratory (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower respiratory infections) and neonatal conditions - which include birth asphyxia and birth trauma, neonatal sepsis and infections, and preterm birth complications. When a steamboat collided with the bridge, the boat operators filed a lawsuit demanding the bridge to be demolished. He was secretly buying competing rail line stock, and then said the Transcontinental Railroad was going to go to that line.[6]. Marketing Durant tells Cullen to wire General Grant that the summit will be reached by month's end, however Cullen quits the railroad to be with his family. Durant paid an associate, Herbert M. Hoxie, to submit a construction bid to the Union Pacific. In 1854 Durant founded the Missouri & Mississippi Railroad. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thomas-c-durant-21582.php. Beitrags-Autor: Beitrag verffentlicht: 22. As general agent for the UP Eastern Division, Durant was also charged with raising money, acquiring resources, and securing favorable national legislation for the company. Durant in turn complained about Dodge's slowness. and slow progress of a line pushed After he retired from this field, he became a director of his uncle's grain exporting company: Durant, Lathrop and Company in New York City. Flashing forward to the town after the destruction Bohannon is being interrogated by Senator Howard, who informs him that Durant is in custody. The season ends not fully stating if he agreed to take the position or not. 3 That wedding we so long ago predicted, has passed, and we now are pleased to chronicle the. He sold his shares discreetly and bought stock in the competition. "Durant, Thomas Clark This acquaintance would later prove to be profitable for Durant, as, in 1862, President Lincoln chose Durants Union Pacific and its base of operation, Council Bluffs, Iowa, to serve as the starting point of the First Transcontinental Railroad. He had at least two brothers, Charles Wright Durant and William F. Durant. Past data have shown that deaths from other causes, including heart disease . Despite a rough start, he established himself in Sacramento by the turn of the decade. He graduated Plains settlement at Denver. Art galleries reported a surge in sales of Kinkade's paintings following his death. Dr. Durant forms the Adirondack Railroad Co. with goal of bringing rail route from New York City to North Creek, NY and across the Adirondacks to Canada. Episode 2. Bowing to the wishes of his parents, Thomas Durant graduated from Albany Medical College in upstate New York in 1840. In March 1864, Durant and his partner, entrepreneur George Francis Train, purchased the Pennsylvania Fiscal Agency and renamed it Crdit Mobilier. He often squirreled away resources, even as they grew increasingly crucial to the railroad's completion. Verplanck Colvin Investing his earnings in an underhanded subscription scheme, the Doctor secured control of the Union Pacific. They demand Bohannon finish the bridge in one week, half the time Bohannon estimated. Ames had been a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts and assisted Durant in bribing congressmen and other government officials. the Central Pacific for subsidized mileage, the Durant beat them to the punch, however, resigning his position, moving onto new railroad projects and new fields of plunder. Each death certificate contains a single underlying cause of death, and demographic data. a line that maximized construction profits He also awaits the arrival of the newly appointed governor, John Campbell. married Heloise Hannah Timbrel in 1847. His vision was to open up the wilderness to tourists and as a destination for the wealthy to own second homes. The store manager told local news station KUSA that of the more than 600 Denver Bronco jerseys sold, more than 100 were DT's. The No. kimberly high school mascot. Thomas Clark Durant. However, this often results in inadequate reporting of the cause of death. This firm was awarded the construction contracts and accepted the securities as payment. In Omaha, Nebraska, Durant dines with some ranchers, one of which is a woman whom he proposes building a commercial railroad terminus on her land. During his tenure as a general agent for the UP Eastern Division, Durant was responsible for accumulating funds, obtaining resources, and ensuring the passage of favourable national legislation. While doing jobs in the prairie wheat trade, Durant recognized the necessity of a better mode of inland transportation and decided to join the railroad industry. The swede delivers Durant a telegram informing him of the Indian raid on the Durant, Nebraska settlement, the previous site of Hell on Wheels camp. Durant chastises Elam for letting Cullen live, but Elam points out he was hired to only protect the payroll. This difference aside, he was "associated with virtually every accusation of bribery, fraud, and scandal during and after construction", much like the fictional Durant[1]. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"TTXUWkfCz89TpDzWaZm31TauTTfUDG.5hqycbo0_oOc-86400-0"}; Dodge. Using the money to which he had access at the time, he ensured the passage of a bill in 1864 that extended the land grants and the concessions that were allocated to the railroad. Durant was married to Hannah Heloise Trimble. The M&M Railroad acquired major land grants to build Iowa's first railroad (planned to go from Davenport on the Mississippi River to Council Bluffs on the Missouri River). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/thomas-clark-durant, "Thomas Clark Durant In 1864, Crdit Mobilier began supervising the UPs construction contracts. November 13, 2003 . He taught as an assistant professor of surgery for a brief period before quitting the field of medicine altogether. In 1853 Durant and his associate Farnam were given the commission of raising capital and managing construction for the newly chartered Mississippi and Missouri Railroad (M&M). Crdit Mobilier increased the cost by 100%. The Crdit Mobilier was a complex and corrupt scheme in which a small group of financiers contracted with themselves or their associates to construct the railroad, charging exorbitant prices for their services. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Durant decides to tunnel through a hill that impedes the railroad's progress. Losing control to the Ames brothers, Durant held on just long Union Pacific was organized to gain the promised They arrive at the railway office, where Doc tries to extract the bullet as Durant screams in pain. UPI The Georgia Tech product announced his retirement in June, after playing 11 games with the Jets in 2019 (with 10 starts). Durant concealed his actions by having various politicians, including future President James Garfield, as limited stockholders. Cullen asks who the devil is in this deal. Durant was married to Hannah Heloise Trimble. Durant. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2015. Select the 'Assisted Dying' checkbox, if completing the form online in Death Documents. He claims that Cullen has "unfinished business" and then asks him to choose life or death. In his cell, Durant criticizes Senator Metcalf for failure to oust Bohannon. Bohannon and Elam find a horse that's been painted not dyed and realize that their cattle were not stolen by Indians, but white men. Cullen stitches a laceration on Durant's head, then manages to get his signature on a blank railroad letterhead. All other causes. They established a contracting company together, naming it Farnam and Durant. Early Schemes When Durant gets too close, Cullen wraps the chain around his neck, challenging him to ask for his own stay of execution. Later Campbell arrests all the freedman and railroad workers who were released on bond as Durant has not paid them in years. The real Durant was not born into poverty in New York's Hell's Kitchen, but was born in upstate New York to a relatively well-off family. Myers, Sheila (2015) Imaginary Brightness: a Durant Family Saga. And why not? Monopoly is Americas favorite board game, a love letter to unbridled capitalism and our free market society. Slippery Exit Cullen advises Durant to not seek revenge for the beating. ." The Crdit Mobilier doubled this figure, with Durant and a few others pocketing the difference. Lily later confronts Durant about Elam. Because of this, Durant disregarded his engineers and gave instructions to build extra tracks in large oxbows. Updated: November 1, 2011 . Campbell says the prisoners should be taken by train to the jurisdictions where their crimes were committed, and Durant will be sent to Omaha to face a judge. Also a trained anthropologist, Hurston collected folklore throughout the South and Caribbean reclaiming, honoring and celebrating Black life on its own terms. At stake in the struggle was not only the construction company but the entire Union Pacific. Thomas Burchard was a child psychiatrist and a doctor from Monterey, California. Later presenting the deed to his riverfront property, Elam tells Durant that hes quit the railroad. . Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Durant's attorney drafted Hoxie's proposal, which the Union Pacific board then approved under Durant's leadership. ." Thomas Clark Durant, (February 6, 1820 - October 5, 1885) was an American financier and railroad promoter. Law&Crime requested the coroner's report. "Like Samson he would not hesitate to pull down the temple even if it meant burying himself along with his enemies. The former model, who was married to American singer-songwriter and musician Hank Williams Jr., passed away on March 22, 2022 aged 58. For his role in the Union Pacific see Nelson Trottman, History of the Union Pacific: A Financial and Economic Survey (1923), and a popular work, Wesley S. Griswold, A Work of Giants: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad (1962). Adirondacks. After a steamboat hit the bridge, boat operators sued to have the bridge dismantled. From 1848-1850, Hornor remained in Louisiana while Durant lived in Washington, D.C. Buys up land from New York State for as little as five cents an acre. Eva tells Elam that Durant has hired her to attend to him during the train ride and his recovery in Chicago. William's camps Pine Knot, Uncas and Sagamore were purchased from the father and son duo by Collis P. Huntington, J.P. Morgan, and Alfred Vanderbilt. (February 23, 2023). Later, during their lunch, a man informs Durant of a prostitute who was murdered by her (unknown) client. Ultimately, he managed to trade $2.18 million of UP stock to subscribers. Bohannon arrives to find the town under siege, while Hawkins holds Lily at gunpoint as she opens the safe. Westport: Greenwood, 1983, s.v. He made erratic decisions about the route, undermining Dodge's studied proposals, and sent underlings to enforce them. Collis Huntington Furthermore, they garnered major land grants to construct Iowa's first railroad, which would connect Davenport on the Mississippi River with Council Bluffs on the Missouri River. Thomas family believes seizure led to death. A railroad promoter and The original estimates for construction of the Union Pacific line had accurately set the cost at around $30,000 per mile of track. College but subsequently channeled his energy When Crane balks at the low price, Durant tells him he will route the railroad around Nebraska, if necessary, which would be detrimental to Crane as he just purchased significant land holdings there, knowing they would increase in value as soon as they became accessible to the railway. . Durant's family life is fictionalized in the novel Imaginary Brightness: a Durant Family Saga. At the railway office, Lily tells Durant that railroad construction has been slow and complains about the foreman. Among those 85 and older, COVID-19 was the second leading cause of death in 2020, but dropped to third in 2021, likely because of targeted vaccination efforts in this age group. (Reporting by Dan Whitcomb; Editing by Cynthia Johnston and Jackie Frank) Walking through a field, Durant and Maggie discuss plans for their railroad city. Thomas Clark Durant (February 6, 1820 - October 5, 1885) was an American physician, businessman, and financier. New York: Continental, 1873. Later In town, Doc tells a semi-conscious Durant that the bullet is lodged in his spine, and then tells Lily he thinks Durant might be strong enough to risk a train ride to Chicago for a surgeon to remove the bullet. Although he graduated from Albany Medical College, he left medicine for his uncle's . The company was one of the first businesses to make profitable use of the new limited liability financial structures. Volume 5, Cushman-Eberle. Durant continued on the directorate of the Union Pacific, however, and furiously pushed construction of the railroad until it met the Central Pacific RR on May 10, 1869. [9] In 1867 Durant was ousted from his position managing Crdit Mobilier. Hannah detains Lily on her way to the bridge crossing. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. As Durant travels by rail, he berates his lead Engineer for planning a railroad that is too straight. The surveyor protests that the surrounding land is flat and no detours are necessary. Durant was born February 6, 1820 in Lee, Massachusetts. After a period of working in his uncle's grain and flour export business, Durant moved to New York City and became involved in the stock market. . Vice President Schuyler Colfax, Speaker of the House James C. Blaine, and future U.S. President James A. Garfield (1881) were all implicated but were later absolved in the scandal. Durant, along with Frederic L. Smith, co-founded . It was a revolutionary business model . paid in money and Union Pacific stock. He died on November 13, 2003 at 70 years of age. After a shootout, Sidney escapes. Crdit Mobilierwas Durant's next tool for milking the railroad. Discover short videos related to kevin durant death on TikTok. He cuts her off, pointedly and jealously asking how Bohannon knew about the mileage shortfall. He later sold some of this land but retained much more. complete and sign the cause of death section. Durant then tells Lily about the murdered woman, a first for Hell on Wheels, and Lily insists they find and punish the killer, but Durant doesn't care, as she was a whore. Durant claimed that he influenced President Abraham Lincoln to select Omaha as the line's eastern terminus, although most authorities give the credit to Grenville M. Dodge. ( founded new towns westward to Cheyenne Bohannon's previous robbery crew come to Hell on Wheels with plans to steal the payroll directly from the safe. He tasked his son William with pioneering the venture, though, according to William, he maintained ultimate control. 23 Feb. 2023
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